// // Variables // -------------------------------------------------- //== Colors // //## Gray and brand colors for use across Bootstrap. @gray-darker: lighten(#000, 13.5%); // #222 @gray-dark: lighten(#000, 20%); // #333 @gray: lighten(#000, 33.5%); // #555 @gray-light: lighten(#000, 60%); // #999 @gray-lighter: lighten(#000, 93.5%); // #eee @brand-primary: #428bca; @brand-success: #5cb85c; @brand-info: #5bc0de; @brand-warning: #f0ad4e; @brand-danger: #d9534f; //== Scaffolding // //## Settings for some of the most global styles. //** Background color for ``. @body-bg: #fff; //** Global text color on ``. @text-color: @gray-dark; //** Global textual link color. @link-color: @brand-primary; //** Link hover color set via `darken()` function. @link-hover-color: darken(@link-color, 15%); //== Typography // //## Font, line-height, and color for body text, headings, and more. @font-family-sans-serif: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; @font-family-serif: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; //** Default monospace fonts for ``, ``, and `
`.
@font-family-monospace:   Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;
@font-family-base:        @font-family-sans-serif;

@font-size-base:          14px;
@font-size-large:         ceil((@font-size-base * 1.25)); // ~18px
@font-size-small:         ceil((@font-size-base * 0.85)); // ~12px

@font-size-h1:            floor((@font-size-base * 2.6)); // ~36px
@font-size-h2:            floor((@font-size-base * 2.15)); // ~30px
@font-size-h3:            ceil((@font-size-base * 1.7)); // ~24px
@font-size-h4:            ceil((@font-size-base * 1.25)); // ~18px
@font-size-h5:            @font-size-base;
@font-size-h6:            ceil((@font-size-base * 0.85)); // ~12px

//** Unit-less `line-height` for use in components like buttons.
@line-height-base:        1.428571429; // 20/14
//** Computed "line-height" (`font-size` * `line-height`) for use with `margin`, `padding`, etc.
@line-height-computed:    floor((@font-size-base * @line-height-base)); // ~20px

//** By default, this inherits from the ``.
@headings-font-family:    inherit;
@headings-font-weight:    500;
@headings-line-height:    1.1;
@headings-color:          inherit;


//== Iconography
//
//## Specify custom location and filename of the included Glyphicons icon font. Useful for those including Bootstrap via Bower.

//** Load fonts from this directory.
@icon-font-path:          "../fonts/";
//** File name for all font files.
@icon-font-name:          "glyphicons-halflings-regular";
//** Element ID within SVG icon file.
@icon-font-svg-id:        "glyphicons_halflingsregular";


//== Components
//
//## Define common padding and border radius sizes and more. Values based on 14px text and 1.428 line-height (~20px to start).

@padding-base-vertical:     6px;
@padding-base-horizontal:   12px;

@padding-large-vertical:    10px;
@padding-large-horizontal:  16px;

@padding-small-vertical:    5px;
@padding-small-horizontal:  10px;

@padding-xs-vertical:       1px;
@padding-xs-horizontal:     5px;

@line-height-large:         1.33;
@line-height-small:         1.5;

@border-radius-base:        4px;
@border-radius-large:       6px;
@border-radius-small:       3px;

//** Global color for active items (e.g., navs or dropdowns).
@component-active-color:    #fff;
//** Global background color for active items (e.g., navs or dropdowns).
@component-active-bg:       @brand-primary;

//** Width of the `border` for generating carets that indicator dropdowns.
@caret-width-base:          4px;
//** Carets increase slightly in size for larger components.
@caret-width-large:         5px;


//== Tables
//
//## Customizes the `.table` component with basic values, each used across all table variations.

//** Padding for ``s and ``s.
@table-cell-padding:            8px;
//** Padding for cells in `.table-condensed`.
@table-condensed-cell-padding:  5px;

//** Default background color used for all tables.
@table-bg:                      transparent;
//** Background color used for `.table-striped`.
@table-bg-accent:               #f9f9f9;
//** Background color used for `.table-hover`.
@table-bg-hover:                #f5f5f5;
@table-bg-active:               @table-bg-hover;

//** Border color for table and cell borders.
@table-border-color:            #ddd;


//== Buttons
//
//## For each of Bootstrap's buttons, define text, background and border color.

@btn-font-weight:                normal;

@btn-default-color:              #333;
@btn-default-bg:                 #fff;
@btn-default-border:             #ccc;

@btn-primary-color:              #fff;
@btn-primary-bg:                 @brand-primary;
@btn-primary-border:             darken(@btn-primary-bg, 5%);

@btn-success-color:              #fff;
@btn-success-bg:                 @brand-success;
@btn-success-border:             darken(@btn-success-bg, 5%);

@btn-info-color:                 #fff;
@btn-info-bg:                    @brand-info;
@btn-info-border:                darken(@btn-info-bg, 5%);

@btn-warning-color:              #fff;
@btn-warning-bg:                 @brand-warning;
@btn-warning-border:             darken(@btn-warning-bg, 5%);

@btn-danger-color:               #fff;
@btn-danger-bg:                  @brand-danger;
@btn-danger-border:              darken(@btn-danger-bg, 5%);

@btn-link-disabled-color:        @gray-light;


//== Forms
//
//##

//** `` background color
@input-bg:                       #fff;
//** `` background color
@input-bg-disabled:              @gray-lighter;

//** Text color for ``s
@input-color:                    @gray;
//** `` border color
@input-border:                   #ccc;
//** `` border radius
@input-border-radius:            @border-radius-base;
//** Border color for inputs on focus
@input-border-focus:             #66afe9;

//** Placeholder text color
@input-color-placeholder:        @gray-light;

//** Default `.form-control` height
@input-height-base:              (@line-height-computed + (@padding-base-vertical * 2) + 2);
//** Large `.form-control` height
@input-height-large:             (ceil(@font-size-large * @line-height-large) + (@padding-large-vertical * 2) + 2);
//** Small `.form-control` height
@input-height-small:             (floor(@font-size-small * @line-height-small) + (@padding-small-vertical * 2) + 2);

@legend-color:                   @gray-dark;
@legend-border-color:            #e5e5e5;

//** Background color for textual input addons
@input-group-addon-bg:           @gray-lighter;
//** Border color for textual input addons
@input-group-addon-border-color: @input-border;


//== Dropdowns
//
//## Dropdown menu container and contents.

//** Background for the dropdown menu.
@dropdown-bg:                    #fff;
//** Dropdown menu `border-color`.
@dropdown-border:                rgba(0,0,0,.15);
//** Dropdown menu `border-color` **for IE8**.
@dropdown-fallback-border:       #ccc;
//** Divider color for between dropdown items.
@dropdown-divider-bg:            #e5e5e5;

//** Dropdown link text color.
@dropdown-link-color:            @gray-dark;
//** Hover color for dropdown links.
@dropdown-link-hover-color:      darken(@gray-dark, 5%);
//** Hover background for dropdown links.
@dropdown-link-hover-bg:         #f5f5f5;

//** Active dropdown menu item text color.
@dropdown-link-active-color:     @component-active-color;
//** Active dropdown menu item background color.
@dropdown-link-active-bg:        @component-active-bg;

//** Disabled dropdown menu item background color.
@dropdown-link-disabled-color:   @gray-light;

//** Text color for headers within dropdown menus.
@dropdown-header-color:          @gray-light;

//** Deprecated `@dropdown-caret-color` as of v3.1.0
@dropdown-caret-color:           #000;


//-- Z-index master list
//
// Warning: Avoid customizing these values. They're used for a bird's eye view
// of components dependent on the z-axis and are designed to all work together.
//
// Note: These variables are not generated into the Customizer.

@zindex-navbar:            1000;
@zindex-dropdown:          1000;
@zindex-popover:           1060;
@zindex-tooltip:           1070;
@zindex-navbar-fixed:      1030;
@zindex-modal-background:  1040;
@zindex-modal:             1050;


//== Media queries breakpoints
//
//## Define the breakpoints at which your layout will change, adapting to different screen sizes.

// Extra small screen / phone
//** Deprecated `@screen-xs` as of v3.0.1
@screen-xs:                  480px;
//** Deprecated `@screen-xs-min` as of v3.2.0
@screen-xs-min:              @screen-xs;
//** Deprecated `@screen-phone` as of v3.0.1
@screen-phone:               @screen-xs-min;

// Small screen / tablet
//** Deprecated `@screen-sm` as of v3.0.1
@screen-sm:                  768px;
@screen-sm-min:              @screen-sm;
//** Deprecated `@screen-tablet` as of v3.0.1
@screen-tablet:              @screen-sm-min;

// Medium screen / desktop
//** Deprecated `@screen-md` as of v3.0.1
@screen-md:                  992px;
@screen-md-min:              @screen-md;
//** Deprecated `@screen-desktop` as of v3.0.1
@screen-desktop:             @screen-md-min;

// Large screen / wide desktop
//** Deprecated `@screen-lg` as of v3.0.1
@screen-lg:                  1200px;
@screen-lg-min:              @screen-lg;
//** Deprecated `@screen-lg-desktop` as of v3.0.1
@screen-lg-desktop:          @screen-lg-min;

// So media queries don't overlap when required, provide a maximum
@screen-xs-max:              (@screen-sm-min - 1);
@screen-sm-max:              (@screen-md-min - 1);
@screen-md-max:              (@screen-lg-min - 1);


//== Grid system
//
//## Define your custom responsive grid.

//** Number of columns in the grid.
@grid-columns:              12;
//** Padding between columns. Gets divided in half for the left and right.
@grid-gutter-width:         30px;
// Navbar collapse
//** Point at which the navbar becomes uncollapsed.
@grid-float-breakpoint:     @screen-sm-min;
//** Point at which the navbar begins collapsing.
@grid-float-breakpoint-max: (@grid-float-breakpoint - 1);


//== Container sizes
//
//## Define the maximum width of `.container` for different screen sizes.

// Small screen / tablet
@container-tablet:             ((720px + @grid-gutter-width));
//** For `@screen-sm-min` and up.
@container-sm:                 @container-tablet;

// Medium screen / desktop
@container-desktop:            ((940px + @grid-gutter-width));
//** For `@screen-md-min` and up.
@container-md:                 @container-desktop;

// Large screen / wide desktop
@container-large-desktop:      ((1140px + @grid-gutter-width));
//** For `@screen-lg-min` and up.
@container-lg:                 @container-large-desktop;


//== Navbar
//
//##

// Basics of a navbar
@navbar-height:                    50px;
@navbar-margin-bottom:             @line-height-computed;
@navbar-border-radius:             @border-radius-base;
@navbar-padding-horizontal:        floor((@grid-gutter-width / 2));
@navbar-padding-vertical:          ((@navbar-height - @line-height-computed) / 2);
@navbar-collapse-max-height:       340px;

@navbar-default-color:             #777;
@navbar-default-bg:                #f8f8f8;
@navbar-default-border:            darken(@navbar-default-bg, 6.5%);

// Navbar links
@navbar-default-link-color:                #777;
@navbar-default-link-hover-color:          #333;
@navbar-default-link-hover-bg:             transparent;
@navbar-default-link-active-color:         #555;
@navbar-default-link-active-bg:            darken(@navbar-default-bg, 6.5%);
@navbar-default-link-disabled-color:       #ccc;
@navbar-default-link-disabled-bg:          transparent;

// Navbar brand label
@navbar-default-brand-color:               @navbar-default-link-color;
@navbar-default-brand-hover-color:         darken(@navbar-default-brand-color, 10%);
@navbar-default-brand-hover-bg:            transparent;

// Navbar toggle
@navbar-default-toggle-hover-bg:           #ddd;
@navbar-default-toggle-icon-bar-bg:        #888;
@navbar-default-toggle-border-color:       #ddd;


// Inverted navbar
// Reset inverted navbar basics
@navbar-inverse-color:                      @gray-light;
@navbar-inverse-bg:                         #222;
@navbar-inverse-border:                     darken(@navbar-inverse-bg, 10%);

// Inverted navbar links
@navbar-inverse-link-color:                 @gray-light;
@navbar-inverse-link-hover-color:           #fff;
@navbar-inverse-link-hover-bg:              transparent;
@navbar-inverse-link-active-color:          @navbar-inverse-link-hover-color;
@navbar-inverse-link-active-bg:             darken(@navbar-inverse-bg, 10%);
@navbar-inverse-link-disabled-color:        #444;
@navbar-inverse-link-disabled-bg:           transparent;

// Inverted navbar brand label
@navbar-inverse-brand-color:                @navbar-inverse-link-color;
@navbar-inverse-brand-hover-color:          #fff;
@navbar-inverse-brand-hover-bg:             transparent;

// Inverted navbar toggle
@navbar-inverse-toggle-hover-bg:            #333;
@navbar-inverse-toggle-icon-bar-bg:         #fff;
@navbar-inverse-toggle-border-color:        #333;


//== Navs
//
//##

//=== Shared nav styles
@nav-link-padding:                          10px 15px;
@nav-link-hover-bg:                         @gray-lighter;

@nav-disabled-link-color:                   @gray-light;
@nav-disabled-link-hover-color:             @gray-light;

@nav-open-link-hover-color:                 #fff;

//== Tabs
@nav-tabs-border-color:                     #ddd;

@nav-tabs-link-hover-border-color:          @gray-lighter;

@nav-tabs-active-link-hover-bg:             @body-bg;
@nav-tabs-active-link-hover-color:          @gray;
@nav-tabs-active-link-hover-border-color:   #ddd;

@nav-tabs-justified-link-border-color:            #ddd;
@nav-tabs-justified-active-link-border-color:     @body-bg;

//== Pills
@nav-pills-border-radius:                   @border-radius-base;
@nav-pills-active-link-hover-bg:            @component-active-bg;
@nav-pills-active-link-hover-color:         @component-active-color;


//== Pagination
//
//##

@pagination-color:                     @link-color;
@pagination-bg:                        #fff;
@pagination-border:                    #ddd;

@pagination-hover-color:               @link-hover-color;
@pagination-hover-bg:                  @gray-lighter;
@pagination-hover-border:              #ddd;

@pagination-active-color:              #fff;
@pagination-active-bg:                 @brand-primary;
@pagination-active-border:             @brand-primary;

@pagination-disabled-color:            @gray-light;
@pagination-disabled-bg:               #fff;
@pagination-disabled-border:           #ddd;


//== Pager
//
//##

@pager-bg:                             @pagination-bg;
@pager-border:                         @pagination-border;
@pager-border-radius:                  15px;

@pager-hover-bg:                       @pagination-hover-bg;

@pager-active-bg:                      @pagination-active-bg;
@pager-active-color:                   @pagination-active-color;

@pager-disabled-color:                 @pagination-disabled-color;


//== Jumbotron
//
//##

@jumbotron-padding:              30px;
@jumbotron-color:                inherit;
@jumbotron-bg:                   @gray-lighter;
@jumbotron-heading-color:        inherit;
@jumbotron-font-size:            ceil((@font-size-base * 1.5));


//== Form states and alerts
//
//## Define colors for form feedback states and, by default, alerts.

@state-success-text:             #3c763d;
@state-success-bg:               #dff0d8;
@state-success-border:           darken(spin(@state-success-bg, -10), 5%);

@state-info-text:                #31708f;
@state-info-bg:                  #d9edf7;
@state-info-border:              darken(spin(@state-info-bg, -10), 7%);

@state-warning-text:             #8a6d3b;
@state-warning-bg:               #fcf8e3;
@state-warning-border:           darken(spin(@state-warning-bg, -10), 5%);

@state-danger-text:              #a94442;
@state-danger-bg:                #f2dede;
@state-danger-border:            darken(spin(@state-danger-bg, -10), 5%);


//== Tooltips
//
//##

//** Tooltip max width
@tooltip-max-width:           200px;
//** Tooltip text color
@tooltip-color:               #fff;
//** Tooltip background color
@tooltip-bg:                  #000;
@tooltip-opacity:             .9;

//** Tooltip arrow width
@tooltip-arrow-width:         5px;
//** Tooltip arrow color
@tooltip-arrow-color:         @tooltip-bg;


//== Popovers
//
//##

//** Popover body background color
@popover-bg:                          #fff;
//** Popover maximum width
@popover-max-width:                   276px;
//** Popover border color
@popover-border-color:                rgba(0,0,0,.2);
//** Popover fallback border color
@popover-fallback-border-color:       #ccc;

//** Popover title background color
@popover-title-bg:                    darken(@popover-bg, 3%);

//** Popover arrow width
@popover-arrow-width:                 10px;
//** Popover arrow color
@popover-arrow-color:                 #fff;

//** Popover outer arrow width
@popover-arrow-outer-width:           (@popover-arrow-width + 1);
//** Popover outer arrow color
@popover-arrow-outer-color:           fadein(@popover-border-color, 5%);
//** Popover outer arrow fallback color
@popover-arrow-outer-fallback-color:  darken(@popover-fallback-border-color, 20%);


//== Labels
//
//##

//** Default label background color
@label-default-bg:            @gray-light;
//** Primary label background color
@label-primary-bg:            @brand-primary;
//** Success label background color
@label-success-bg:            @brand-success;
//** Info label background color
@label-info-bg:               @brand-info;
//** Warning label background color
@label-warning-bg:            @brand-warning;
//** Danger label background color
@label-danger-bg:             @brand-danger;

//** Default label text color
@label-color:                 #fff;
//** Default text color of a linked label
@label-link-hover-color:      #fff;


//== Modals
//
//##

//** Padding applied to the modal body
@modal-inner-padding:         15px;

//** Padding applied to the modal title
@modal-title-padding:         15px;
//** Modal title line-height
@modal-title-line-height:     @line-height-base;

//** Background color of modal content area
@modal-content-bg:                             #fff;
//** Modal content border color
@modal-content-border-color:                   rgba(0,0,0,.2);
//** Modal content border color **for IE8**
@modal-content-fallback-border-color:          #999;

//** Modal backdrop background color
@modal-backdrop-bg:           #000;
//** Modal backdrop opacity
@modal-backdrop-opacity:      .5;
//** Modal header border color
@modal-header-border-color:   #e5e5e5;
//** Modal footer border color
@modal-footer-border-color:   @modal-header-border-color;

@modal-lg:                    900px;
@modal-md:                    600px;
@modal-sm:                    300px;


//== Alerts
//
//## Define alert colors, border radius, and padding.

@alert-padding:               15px;
@alert-border-radius:         @border-radius-base;
@alert-link-font-weight:      bold;

@alert-success-bg:            @state-success-bg;
@alert-success-text:          @state-success-text;
@alert-success-border:        @state-success-border;

@alert-info-bg:               @state-info-bg;
@alert-info-text:             @state-info-text;
@alert-info-border:           @state-info-border;

@alert-warning-bg:            @state-warning-bg;
@alert-warning-text:          @state-warning-text;
@alert-warning-border:        @state-warning-border;

@alert-danger-bg:             @state-danger-bg;
@alert-danger-text:           @state-danger-text;
@alert-danger-border:         @state-danger-border;


//== Progress bars
//
//##

//** Background color of the whole progress component
@progress-bg:                 #f5f5f5;
//** Progress bar text color
@progress-bar-color:          #fff;

//** Default progress bar color
@progress-bar-bg:             @brand-primary;
//** Success progress bar color
@progress-bar-success-bg:     @brand-success;
//** Warning progress bar color
@progress-bar-warning-bg:     @brand-warning;
//** Danger progress bar color
@progress-bar-danger-bg:      @brand-danger;
//** Info progress bar color
@progress-bar-info-bg:        @brand-info;


//== List group
//
//##

//** Background color on `.list-group-item`
@list-group-bg:                 #fff;
//** `.list-group-item` border color
@list-group-border:             #ddd;
//** List group border radius
@list-group-border-radius:      @border-radius-base;

//** Background color of single list items on hover
@list-group-hover-bg:           #f5f5f5;
//** Text color of active list items
@list-group-active-color:       @component-active-color;
//** Background color of active list items
@list-group-active-bg:          @component-active-bg;
//** Border color of active list elements
@list-group-active-border:      @list-group-active-bg;
//** Text color for content within active list items
@list-group-active-text-color:  lighten(@list-group-active-bg, 40%);

//** Text color of disabled list items
@list-group-disabled-color:      @gray-light;
//** Background color of disabled list items
@list-group-disabled-bg:         @gray-lighter;
//** Text color for content within disabled list items
@list-group-disabled-text-color: @list-group-disabled-color;

@list-group-link-color:         #555;
@list-group-link-hover-color:   @list-group-link-color;
@list-group-link-heading-color: #333;


//== Panels
//
//##

@panel-bg:                    #fff;
@panel-body-padding:          15px;
@panel-heading-padding:       10px 15px;
@panel-footer-padding:        @panel-heading-padding;
@panel-border-radius:         @border-radius-base;

//** Border color for elements within panels
@panel-inner-border:          #ddd;
@panel-footer-bg:             #f5f5f5;

@panel-default-text:          @gray-dark;
@panel-default-border:        #ddd;
@panel-default-heading-bg:    #f5f5f5;

@panel-primary-text:          #fff;
@panel-primary-border:        @brand-primary;
@panel-primary-heading-bg:    @brand-primary;

@panel-success-text:          @state-success-text;
@panel-success-border:        @state-success-border;
@panel-success-heading-bg:    @state-success-bg;

@panel-info-text:             @state-info-text;
@panel-info-border:           @state-info-border;
@panel-info-heading-bg:       @state-info-bg;

@panel-warning-text:          @state-warning-text;
@panel-warning-border:        @state-warning-border;
@panel-warning-heading-bg:    @state-warning-bg;

@panel-danger-text:           @state-danger-text;
@panel-danger-border:         @state-danger-border;
@panel-danger-heading-bg:     @state-danger-bg;


//== Thumbnails
//
//##

//** Padding around the thumbnail image
@thumbnail-padding:           4px;
//** Thumbnail background color
@thumbnail-bg:                @body-bg;
//** Thumbnail border color
@thumbnail-border:            #ddd;
//** Thumbnail border radius
@thumbnail-border-radius:     @border-radius-base;

//** Custom text color for thumbnail captions
@thumbnail-caption-color:     @text-color;
//** Padding around the thumbnail caption
@thumbnail-caption-padding:   9px;


//== Wells
//
//##

@well-bg:                     #f5f5f5;
@well-border:                 darken(@well-bg, 7%);


//== Badges
//
//##

@badge-color:                 #fff;
//** Linked badge text color on hover
@badge-link-hover-color:      #fff;
@badge-bg:                    @gray-light;

//** Badge text color in active nav link
@badge-active-color:          @link-color;
//** Badge background color in active nav link
@badge-active-bg:             #fff;

@badge-font-weight:           bold;
@badge-line-height:           1;
@badge-border-radius:         10px;


//== Breadcrumbs
//
//##

@breadcrumb-padding-vertical:   8px;
@breadcrumb-padding-horizontal: 15px;
//** Breadcrumb background color
@breadcrumb-bg:                 #f5f5f5;
//** Breadcrumb text color
@breadcrumb-color:              #ccc;
//** Text color of current page in the breadcrumb
@breadcrumb-active-color:       @gray-light;
//** Textual separator for between breadcrumb elements
@breadcrumb-separator:          "/";


//== Carousel
//
//##

@carousel-text-shadow:                        0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);

@carousel-control-color:                      #fff;
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10 Details about Cleopatra

																	
by JNP Media   13/07/2026 | 4:23
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																			10 Details about Cleopatra
																		

							

																


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By the spring away from 40 BC, Antony kept Egypt on account of difficulties within the Syria, where their governor Lucius Decidius Saxa try murdered and his awesome army drawn from the Quintus Labienus, a former officer lower than Cassius just who today offered the newest Parthian Kingdom. From the fall out of 42 BC, Antony got outdone the brand new forces out of Caesar's assassins during the Race of Philippi within the Greece, causing the newest suicides out of Cassius and Brutus.  A few months after, Ptolemy XIV passed away—allegedly poisoned from the Cleopatra—and you can she elevated her man Caesarion because the her co-leader.notice forty five Antony made an effort to lay a royal diadem to the Caesar's direct, but Caesar declined in what are most likely a great staged overall performance, possibly to evaluate the fresh Roman social's temper regarding the recognizing Hellenistic-style kingship. It will be possible you to Caesar, hitched on the common Roman lady Calpurnia, as well as wanted to do not be viewed and Cleopatra whenever she got the man. The newest historian Suetonius given significant information regarding the brand new voyage, and entry to Thalamegos, the new pleasure barge built from the Ptolemy IV, and that during the his reign counted 90 yards (three hundred feet) long and twenty-four m (80 ft) high and you may are that includes dinner room, county rooms, holy shrines, and you may promenades collectively its a couple decks, like a great floating villa.


Within the Summer from 323 BCE, Alexander the favorable died, and his big empire are separated among his generals from the Combat of your Diadochi. So it picture of Cleopatra features, regrettably, stayed from the intervening years, and just over the past 100 years provides scholarly attempts been made so you can portray the girl inside the an even more practical and you will flattering light. Specific extant gold coins reveal Cleopatra since the an ordinary-searching lady, while some show an echo picture of Antony, highlighting the manufacturers’ feedback regarding the girls ruler’s liaison together Roman partner. (Talk about the newest advanced tomb of Nefertari—and discover exactly how old Egyptians tucked the royals)


Cleopatra, the only Ptolemaic king to help you topic coins on her behalf very own part, probably driven her companion Caesar to be the initial lifestyle Roman presenting their portrait on his own gold coins.mention 66 Cleopatra are the initial foreign queen to have their picture show up on Roman money. Since the 1950s students features contended whether or not the Esquiline Venus—receive in the 1874 for the Esquiline Hill in the Rome and you can situated on the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museums—are a great depiction out of Cleopatra, in line with the statue's hair style and you will face has, apparent regal diadem worn along the lead, and also the uraeus Egyptian cobra covered within the base. Although not, that it functions is based mainly on the Herod's memoirs plus the biased membership from Nicolaus out of Damascus, the new tutor away from Cleopatra's students in the Alexandria just before the guy relocated to Judea in order to suffice since the an agent and you will chronicler at the Herod's courtroom. Once her committing suicide, Cleopatra's about three thriving people, Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, and you can Ptolemy Philadelphus, was delivered to Rome that have Octavian's sister Octavia younger, a former girlfriend of their father, because their guardian. Octavian is actually believed to had been angered by this lead however, had Cleopatra hidden within the royal trend near to Antony within her tomb. It is unsure when the Cleopatra's committing suicide on the several August 30 BC, in the years 39, taken place within the castle otherwise the woman tomb.notice step 3 It is said she is actually with their servants Eiras and you may Charmion, which along with took their own existence.


    

  • Since the Egyptian lifestyle stored you to definitely a woman expected a male consort to rule, the girl twelve-year-old cousin, Ptolemy XIII, try ceremonially hitched to help you her.
    • 

  • Whenever the woman pops Ptolemy IX Lathyros passed away in the later 81 BC, he was been successful from the his girl Berenice III.
    • 

  • Cleopatra is actually partnered in order to their sis and you can co-ruler Ptolemy XIII, who had been a decade old at that time (she try 18).
    • 

  • So it portrait features the newest regal diadem and you may equivalent face have as the the fresh Berlin and Vatican minds, however, features a book hairstyle and may in reality depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter from Cleopatra.note forty-eight A prospective Parian-marble statue away from Cleopatra sporting an excellent vulture headdress inside Egyptian layout reaches the fresh Capitoline Museums.
    • 

  • It picture of Cleopatra features, unfortunately, stayed from intervening centuries, and just in the last millennium have scholarly effort started produced to depict the girl inside a realistic and you will flattering white.
    • 

  • Cleopatra hid herself within her tomb with her intimate attendants and sent an email so you can Antony one to she had the time suicide.
    • 



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The guy learned, too-late, one to she still resided, and Octavian greeting your becoming brought to the newest wild pearl slot jackpot queen, where the guy died within her fingers. Once loads of engagements, and therefore almost routinely favored Octavian, Cleopatra's and you will Antony's pushes had been beaten by the Octavian's in the Competition away from Actium within the 31 BCE, and you will, a year later, they both committed suicide. While the Caesar was already partnered to Calpurnia at this time, as well as the Roman laws facing bigamy were purely followed, of many members of the brand new Roman Senate, and the personal, was disturb by the Caesar's procedures. Ptolemy XIII considered their standard, Achillas, for support, and you will combat broke call at Alexandria between Caesar's legions as well as the Egyptian army.


What happened To help you Cleopatra’s College students?


Inside the Renaissance and Baroque art, she is actually the main topic of of many work in addition to operas, paintings, poetry, statues, and you can theatrical dramas. Because it’s clear you to her photo might have been at least a bit embellished by both ancient historians and you can progressive-go out video clips, it’s pure in order to wonder simply how much information there is certainly about the brand new reports. Although not, the woman image might have been Romanized to suit Antony’s.


    

  • The fresh Dendera Forehead complex, near Dendera, Egypt, includes Egyptian-layout created save photographs along the exterior structure of your own Temple of Hathor depicting Cleopatra along with her younger man Caesarion while the a good grown mature and you can governing pharaoh and then make choices on the gods.
    • 

  • In the forty-eight BCE, their head mentor, Pothinus, and some other, Theodotus away from Chios, plus the General Achillas, overthrew their and put Ptolemy XIII to your throne, thinking him getting better to handle than just their sis.
    • 

  • Discover the tale of your own greatest Egyptian pharaoh lower than, of the girl rise to energy, to the future out of her pupils, to your puzzle of one’s place from the girl tomb.
    • 

  • A couple of double doors on the back wall structure of the color, arranged very high above the members of it, suggests the fresh discussed build of Cleopatra's tomb within the Alexandria.
    • 



Pompey, Caesar & The new Upcoming from Rome


The dominance lead to the new effect that the 1885 color by Lawrence Alma-Tadema represented the brand new fulfilling out of Antony and Cleopatra for her pleasure barge inside the Tarsus, even if Alma-Tadema found within the a private letter that it portrays a following fulfilling from theirs within the Alexandria. Cleopatra appeared in miniatures to have lighted manuscripts, such as a great portrayal out of the girl and Antony lying in an excellent Gothic-layout tomb from the Boucicaut Master within the 1409. Functions of Islamic historiography written in Arabic shielded the fresh rule away from Cleopatra, such as the tenth-100 years Meadows away from Silver because of the Al-Masudi, even though his works erroneously said one to Octavian died soon after Cleopatra's committing suicide. In modern times, Cleopatra has become an icon away from common society, a reputation formed by theatrical representations dating back to the new Renaissance along with paintings and you can video clips.


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Although it put your in the chance which have Roman legislation, Gabinius occupied Egypt in the spring season of 55 BC by-way from Hasmonean Judea, where Hyrcanus II had Antipater the fresh Idumaean, father away from Herod the favorable, present the fresh Roman-provided armed forces that have provides. Whenever her daddy Ptolemy IX Lathyros passed away inside later 81 BC, he was succeeded from the his child Berenice III. She’s got getting a pop music culture symbol of Egyptomania while the Victorian time, plus modern times have appeared in the newest used and you can fine arts, burlesque satire, Hollywood video clips, and you will brand name images to have industrial items. In the graphic arts, the girl old depictions tend to be Roman busts, sketches, statues, cameo carvings and you will glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage, and you may reliefs.


Even if interesting, this doesn’t inform us much regarding the any of Cleopatra’s certain actual traits aside from the woman going charm, that historian could have considering more mature membership because the the guy was born after their dying. That is mainly due to the fact that Octavian Augustus, the original Roman emperor, bought that all photos of one’s king getting destroyed once he triumphed more Cleopatra along with her friend and you can partner Draw Anthony within the 30 BC. Because the listed from the Enayat Mohamed Ahmed, a teacher out of Graeco-Roman Archaeology, and you may Wessam Fekry Ibrahim, a good lecturer in the Matrouh University, “photos out of Cleopatra VII are rare.” Before plunge direct-earliest on the readily available research, it’s value bringing a second to know the issues posed by restricted historic and archaeological number.


Artistic depictions of Cleopatra


Claims one Cleopatra are an enthusiastic illegitimate son never appeared in Roman propaganda up against her.notice 89 Strabo are the only old historian whom advertised one Ptolemy XII's pupils created just after Berenice IV, along with Cleopatra, have been illegitimate. Relationships anywhere between Antony and you will Cleopatra maybe soured as he not merely married Octavia, plus sired their a couple pupils, Antonia the fresh Elder within the 39 BC and you can Antonia Minor within the 36 BC, and you will gone his headquarters to Athens. She would happen your around three students – Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, and you may Ptolemy Philadelphus – in which he experienced the woman his girlfriend, whether or not he had been married, first, in order to Fulvia and in order to Octavia, the brand new cousin from Octavian. After the Competition from Phillipi, at which the fresh forces from Antony and you may Octavian beaten that from Brutus and you may Cassius, Antony emerged while the ruler of the east provinces, in addition to Egypt, when you are Octavian kept south west. Whenever she try 18 years of age, their dad died, making her the fresh throne.


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Cleopatra V (otherwise VI) are expelled regarding the courtroom of Ptolemy XII inside late 69 BC, a couple months following birth of Cleopatra, when you’re Ptolemy XII's three youngsters have been all the born in the absence of his girlfriend. An incredibly equivalent painted boobs away from a female that have a blue headband in the home of the Orchard at the Pompeii has Egyptian-build photos, for example a Greek-style sphinx, that will were developed by a comparable artist. A collection of twice gates on the rear wall surface of the paint, organized extremely high over the people in they, implies the brand new discussed design from Cleopatra's tomb within the Alexandria. Based on Plutarch, he was still perishing whenever delivered to Cleopatra during the her tomb, telling their he previously passed away honorably and therefore she you are going to trust Octavian's companion Gaius Proculeius more anyone else inside the entourage. When this try rejected, Antony marched their military on the Armenia, outdone their forces and grabbed the brand new queen and also the Armenian regal family.


With Egypt in the hands from Caesar, Cleopatra took straight back the new throne while the her very own, fast hitched their several-year-old cousin, Ptolemy XIV, and you can stated him their co-leader. As he passed away within the 51 B.C.Age., she partnered their more youthful sister Ptolemy XIII, for every the newest personalized of time. Get the tale of the well-known Egyptian pharaoh less than, from the woman rise to strength, to your destiny away from her pupils, to your puzzle of the venue of her tomb.


Caesar's armed forces is numerically inferior incomparison to Pompey's, plus it is actually thought that Caesar's excellent victory meant that the gods best your over Pompey. Pompey is the state-appointed protector along side younger Ptolemy college students, as well as on his techniques, he previously spent considerable time inside the Egypt. Inside forty eight BCE, her chief mentor, Pothinus, and another, Theodotus away from Chios, as well as the Standard Achillas, overthrew the woman and you can put Ptolemy XIII to the throne, trusting him becoming easier to manage than simply his sibling. Due to this, she managed to promote without difficulty which have diplomats from other nations without a good translator and you can, once just in case the fresh throne, instead of bothering to listen to the brand new the recommendations away from their advisers for the things away from state. Because the Egyptian lifestyle held you to a lady required a male consort to help you rule, their several-year-old sibling, Ptolemy XIII, are ceremonially married to her. Cleopatra VII Philopator grew up in 69 BCE and governed as you together with her dad, Ptolemy XII Auletes.

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