// // Variables // -------------------------------------------------- //== Colors // //## Gray and brand colors for use across Bootstrap. @gray-darker: lighten(#000, 13.5%); // #222 @gray-dark: lighten(#000, 20%); // #333 @gray: lighten(#000, 33.5%); // #555 @gray-light: lighten(#000, 60%); // #999 @gray-lighter: lighten(#000, 93.5%); // #eee @brand-primary: #428bca; @brand-success: #5cb85c; @brand-info: #5bc0de; @brand-warning: #f0ad4e; @brand-danger: #d9534f; //== Scaffolding // //## Settings for some of the most global styles. //** Background color for ``. @body-bg: #fff; //** Global text color on ``. @text-color: @gray-dark; //** Global textual link color. @link-color: @brand-primary; //** Link hover color set via `darken()` function. @link-hover-color: darken(@link-color, 15%); //== Typography // //## Font, line-height, and color for body text, headings, and more. @font-family-sans-serif: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; @font-family-serif: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; //** Default monospace fonts for ``, ``, and `
`.
@font-family-monospace:   Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;
@font-family-base:        @font-family-sans-serif;

@font-size-base:          14px;
@font-size-large:         ceil((@font-size-base * 1.25)); // ~18px
@font-size-small:         ceil((@font-size-base * 0.85)); // ~12px

@font-size-h1:            floor((@font-size-base * 2.6)); // ~36px
@font-size-h2:            floor((@font-size-base * 2.15)); // ~30px
@font-size-h3:            ceil((@font-size-base * 1.7)); // ~24px
@font-size-h4:            ceil((@font-size-base * 1.25)); // ~18px
@font-size-h5:            @font-size-base;
@font-size-h6:            ceil((@font-size-base * 0.85)); // ~12px

//** Unit-less `line-height` for use in components like buttons.
@line-height-base:        1.428571429; // 20/14
//** Computed "line-height" (`font-size` * `line-height`) for use with `margin`, `padding`, etc.
@line-height-computed:    floor((@font-size-base * @line-height-base)); // ~20px

//** By default, this inherits from the ``.
@headings-font-family:    inherit;
@headings-font-weight:    500;
@headings-line-height:    1.1;
@headings-color:          inherit;


//== Iconography
//
//## Specify custom location and filename of the included Glyphicons icon font. Useful for those including Bootstrap via Bower.

//** Load fonts from this directory.
@icon-font-path:          "../fonts/";
//** File name for all font files.
@icon-font-name:          "glyphicons-halflings-regular";
//** Element ID within SVG icon file.
@icon-font-svg-id:        "glyphicons_halflingsregular";


//== Components
//
//## Define common padding and border radius sizes and more. Values based on 14px text and 1.428 line-height (~20px to start).

@padding-base-vertical:     6px;
@padding-base-horizontal:   12px;

@padding-large-vertical:    10px;
@padding-large-horizontal:  16px;

@padding-small-vertical:    5px;
@padding-small-horizontal:  10px;

@padding-xs-vertical:       1px;
@padding-xs-horizontal:     5px;

@line-height-large:         1.33;
@line-height-small:         1.5;

@border-radius-base:        4px;
@border-radius-large:       6px;
@border-radius-small:       3px;

//** Global color for active items (e.g., navs or dropdowns).
@component-active-color:    #fff;
//** Global background color for active items (e.g., navs or dropdowns).
@component-active-bg:       @brand-primary;

//** Width of the `border` for generating carets that indicator dropdowns.
@caret-width-base:          4px;
//** Carets increase slightly in size for larger components.
@caret-width-large:         5px;


//== Tables
//
//## Customizes the `.table` component with basic values, each used across all table variations.

//** Padding for ``s and ``s.
@table-cell-padding:            8px;
//** Padding for cells in `.table-condensed`.
@table-condensed-cell-padding:  5px;

//** Default background color used for all tables.
@table-bg:                      transparent;
//** Background color used for `.table-striped`.
@table-bg-accent:               #f9f9f9;
//** Background color used for `.table-hover`.
@table-bg-hover:                #f5f5f5;
@table-bg-active:               @table-bg-hover;

//** Border color for table and cell borders.
@table-border-color:            #ddd;


//== Buttons
//
//## For each of Bootstrap's buttons, define text, background and border color.

@btn-font-weight:                normal;

@btn-default-color:              #333;
@btn-default-bg:                 #fff;
@btn-default-border:             #ccc;

@btn-primary-color:              #fff;
@btn-primary-bg:                 @brand-primary;
@btn-primary-border:             darken(@btn-primary-bg, 5%);

@btn-success-color:              #fff;
@btn-success-bg:                 @brand-success;
@btn-success-border:             darken(@btn-success-bg, 5%);

@btn-info-color:                 #fff;
@btn-info-bg:                    @brand-info;
@btn-info-border:                darken(@btn-info-bg, 5%);

@btn-warning-color:              #fff;
@btn-warning-bg:                 @brand-warning;
@btn-warning-border:             darken(@btn-warning-bg, 5%);

@btn-danger-color:               #fff;
@btn-danger-bg:                  @brand-danger;
@btn-danger-border:              darken(@btn-danger-bg, 5%);

@btn-link-disabled-color:        @gray-light;


//== Forms
//
//##

//** `` background color
@input-bg:                       #fff;
//** `` background color
@input-bg-disabled:              @gray-lighter;

//** Text color for ``s
@input-color:                    @gray;
//** `` border color
@input-border:                   #ccc;
//** `` border radius
@input-border-radius:            @border-radius-base;
//** Border color for inputs on focus
@input-border-focus:             #66afe9;

//** Placeholder text color
@input-color-placeholder:        @gray-light;

//** Default `.form-control` height
@input-height-base:              (@line-height-computed + (@padding-base-vertical * 2) + 2);
//** Large `.form-control` height
@input-height-large:             (ceil(@font-size-large * @line-height-large) + (@padding-large-vertical * 2) + 2);
//** Small `.form-control` height
@input-height-small:             (floor(@font-size-small * @line-height-small) + (@padding-small-vertical * 2) + 2);

@legend-color:                   @gray-dark;
@legend-border-color:            #e5e5e5;

//** Background color for textual input addons
@input-group-addon-bg:           @gray-lighter;
//** Border color for textual input addons
@input-group-addon-border-color: @input-border;


//== Dropdowns
//
//## Dropdown menu container and contents.

//** Background for the dropdown menu.
@dropdown-bg:                    #fff;
//** Dropdown menu `border-color`.
@dropdown-border:                rgba(0,0,0,.15);
//** Dropdown menu `border-color` **for IE8**.
@dropdown-fallback-border:       #ccc;
//** Divider color for between dropdown items.
@dropdown-divider-bg:            #e5e5e5;

//** Dropdown link text color.
@dropdown-link-color:            @gray-dark;
//** Hover color for dropdown links.
@dropdown-link-hover-color:      darken(@gray-dark, 5%);
//** Hover background for dropdown links.
@dropdown-link-hover-bg:         #f5f5f5;

//** Active dropdown menu item text color.
@dropdown-link-active-color:     @component-active-color;
//** Active dropdown menu item background color.
@dropdown-link-active-bg:        @component-active-bg;

//** Disabled dropdown menu item background color.
@dropdown-link-disabled-color:   @gray-light;

//** Text color for headers within dropdown menus.
@dropdown-header-color:          @gray-light;

//** Deprecated `@dropdown-caret-color` as of v3.1.0
@dropdown-caret-color:           #000;


//-- Z-index master list
//
// Warning: Avoid customizing these values. They're used for a bird's eye view
// of components dependent on the z-axis and are designed to all work together.
//
// Note: These variables are not generated into the Customizer.

@zindex-navbar:            1000;
@zindex-dropdown:          1000;
@zindex-popover:           1060;
@zindex-tooltip:           1070;
@zindex-navbar-fixed:      1030;
@zindex-modal-background:  1040;
@zindex-modal:             1050;


//== Media queries breakpoints
//
//## Define the breakpoints at which your layout will change, adapting to different screen sizes.

// Extra small screen / phone
//** Deprecated `@screen-xs` as of v3.0.1
@screen-xs:                  480px;
//** Deprecated `@screen-xs-min` as of v3.2.0
@screen-xs-min:              @screen-xs;
//** Deprecated `@screen-phone` as of v3.0.1
@screen-phone:               @screen-xs-min;

// Small screen / tablet
//** Deprecated `@screen-sm` as of v3.0.1
@screen-sm:                  768px;
@screen-sm-min:              @screen-sm;
//** Deprecated `@screen-tablet` as of v3.0.1
@screen-tablet:              @screen-sm-min;

// Medium screen / desktop
//** Deprecated `@screen-md` as of v3.0.1
@screen-md:                  992px;
@screen-md-min:              @screen-md;
//** Deprecated `@screen-desktop` as of v3.0.1
@screen-desktop:             @screen-md-min;

// Large screen / wide desktop
//** Deprecated `@screen-lg` as of v3.0.1
@screen-lg:                  1200px;
@screen-lg-min:              @screen-lg;
//** Deprecated `@screen-lg-desktop` as of v3.0.1
@screen-lg-desktop:          @screen-lg-min;

// So media queries don't overlap when required, provide a maximum
@screen-xs-max:              (@screen-sm-min - 1);
@screen-sm-max:              (@screen-md-min - 1);
@screen-md-max:              (@screen-lg-min - 1);


//== Grid system
//
//## Define your custom responsive grid.

//** Number of columns in the grid.
@grid-columns:              12;
//** Padding between columns. Gets divided in half for the left and right.
@grid-gutter-width:         30px;
// Navbar collapse
//** Point at which the navbar becomes uncollapsed.
@grid-float-breakpoint:     @screen-sm-min;
//** Point at which the navbar begins collapsing.
@grid-float-breakpoint-max: (@grid-float-breakpoint - 1);


//== Container sizes
//
//## Define the maximum width of `.container` for different screen sizes.

// Small screen / tablet
@container-tablet:             ((720px + @grid-gutter-width));
//** For `@screen-sm-min` and up.
@container-sm:                 @container-tablet;

// Medium screen / desktop
@container-desktop:            ((940px + @grid-gutter-width));
//** For `@screen-md-min` and up.
@container-md:                 @container-desktop;

// Large screen / wide desktop
@container-large-desktop:      ((1140px + @grid-gutter-width));
//** For `@screen-lg-min` and up.
@container-lg:                 @container-large-desktop;


//== Navbar
//
//##

// Basics of a navbar
@navbar-height:                    50px;
@navbar-margin-bottom:             @line-height-computed;
@navbar-border-radius:             @border-radius-base;
@navbar-padding-horizontal:        floor((@grid-gutter-width / 2));
@navbar-padding-vertical:          ((@navbar-height - @line-height-computed) / 2);
@navbar-collapse-max-height:       340px;

@navbar-default-color:             #777;
@navbar-default-bg:                #f8f8f8;
@navbar-default-border:            darken(@navbar-default-bg, 6.5%);

// Navbar links
@navbar-default-link-color:                #777;
@navbar-default-link-hover-color:          #333;
@navbar-default-link-hover-bg:             transparent;
@navbar-default-link-active-color:         #555;
@navbar-default-link-active-bg:            darken(@navbar-default-bg, 6.5%);
@navbar-default-link-disabled-color:       #ccc;
@navbar-default-link-disabled-bg:          transparent;

// Navbar brand label
@navbar-default-brand-color:               @navbar-default-link-color;
@navbar-default-brand-hover-color:         darken(@navbar-default-brand-color, 10%);
@navbar-default-brand-hover-bg:            transparent;

// Navbar toggle
@navbar-default-toggle-hover-bg:           #ddd;
@navbar-default-toggle-icon-bar-bg:        #888;
@navbar-default-toggle-border-color:       #ddd;


// Inverted navbar
// Reset inverted navbar basics
@navbar-inverse-color:                      @gray-light;
@navbar-inverse-bg:                         #222;
@navbar-inverse-border:                     darken(@navbar-inverse-bg, 10%);

// Inverted navbar links
@navbar-inverse-link-color:                 @gray-light;
@navbar-inverse-link-hover-color:           #fff;
@navbar-inverse-link-hover-bg:              transparent;
@navbar-inverse-link-active-color:          @navbar-inverse-link-hover-color;
@navbar-inverse-link-active-bg:             darken(@navbar-inverse-bg, 10%);
@navbar-inverse-link-disabled-color:        #444;
@navbar-inverse-link-disabled-bg:           transparent;

// Inverted navbar brand label
@navbar-inverse-brand-color:                @navbar-inverse-link-color;
@navbar-inverse-brand-hover-color:          #fff;
@navbar-inverse-brand-hover-bg:             transparent;

// Inverted navbar toggle
@navbar-inverse-toggle-hover-bg:            #333;
@navbar-inverse-toggle-icon-bar-bg:         #fff;
@navbar-inverse-toggle-border-color:        #333;


//== Navs
//
//##

//=== Shared nav styles
@nav-link-padding:                          10px 15px;
@nav-link-hover-bg:                         @gray-lighter;

@nav-disabled-link-color:                   @gray-light;
@nav-disabled-link-hover-color:             @gray-light;

@nav-open-link-hover-color:                 #fff;

//== Tabs
@nav-tabs-border-color:                     #ddd;

@nav-tabs-link-hover-border-color:          @gray-lighter;

@nav-tabs-active-link-hover-bg:             @body-bg;
@nav-tabs-active-link-hover-color:          @gray;
@nav-tabs-active-link-hover-border-color:   #ddd;

@nav-tabs-justified-link-border-color:            #ddd;
@nav-tabs-justified-active-link-border-color:     @body-bg;

//== Pills
@nav-pills-border-radius:                   @border-radius-base;
@nav-pills-active-link-hover-bg:            @component-active-bg;
@nav-pills-active-link-hover-color:         @component-active-color;


//== Pagination
//
//##

@pagination-color:                     @link-color;
@pagination-bg:                        #fff;
@pagination-border:                    #ddd;

@pagination-hover-color:               @link-hover-color;
@pagination-hover-bg:                  @gray-lighter;
@pagination-hover-border:              #ddd;

@pagination-active-color:              #fff;
@pagination-active-bg:                 @brand-primary;
@pagination-active-border:             @brand-primary;

@pagination-disabled-color:            @gray-light;
@pagination-disabled-bg:               #fff;
@pagination-disabled-border:           #ddd;


//== Pager
//
//##

@pager-bg:                             @pagination-bg;
@pager-border:                         @pagination-border;
@pager-border-radius:                  15px;

@pager-hover-bg:                       @pagination-hover-bg;

@pager-active-bg:                      @pagination-active-bg;
@pager-active-color:                   @pagination-active-color;

@pager-disabled-color:                 @pagination-disabled-color;


//== Jumbotron
//
//##

@jumbotron-padding:              30px;
@jumbotron-color:                inherit;
@jumbotron-bg:                   @gray-lighter;
@jumbotron-heading-color:        inherit;
@jumbotron-font-size:            ceil((@font-size-base * 1.5));


//== Form states and alerts
//
//## Define colors for form feedback states and, by default, alerts.

@state-success-text:             #3c763d;
@state-success-bg:               #dff0d8;
@state-success-border:           darken(spin(@state-success-bg, -10), 5%);

@state-info-text:                #31708f;
@state-info-bg:                  #d9edf7;
@state-info-border:              darken(spin(@state-info-bg, -10), 7%);

@state-warning-text:             #8a6d3b;
@state-warning-bg:               #fcf8e3;
@state-warning-border:           darken(spin(@state-warning-bg, -10), 5%);

@state-danger-text:              #a94442;
@state-danger-bg:                #f2dede;
@state-danger-border:            darken(spin(@state-danger-bg, -10), 5%);


//== Tooltips
//
//##

//** Tooltip max width
@tooltip-max-width:           200px;
//** Tooltip text color
@tooltip-color:               #fff;
//** Tooltip background color
@tooltip-bg:                  #000;
@tooltip-opacity:             .9;

//** Tooltip arrow width
@tooltip-arrow-width:         5px;
//** Tooltip arrow color
@tooltip-arrow-color:         @tooltip-bg;


//== Popovers
//
//##

//** Popover body background color
@popover-bg:                          #fff;
//** Popover maximum width
@popover-max-width:                   276px;
//** Popover border color
@popover-border-color:                rgba(0,0,0,.2);
//** Popover fallback border color
@popover-fallback-border-color:       #ccc;

//** Popover title background color
@popover-title-bg:                    darken(@popover-bg, 3%);

//** Popover arrow width
@popover-arrow-width:                 10px;
//** Popover arrow color
@popover-arrow-color:                 #fff;

//** Popover outer arrow width
@popover-arrow-outer-width:           (@popover-arrow-width + 1);
//** Popover outer arrow color
@popover-arrow-outer-color:           fadein(@popover-border-color, 5%);
//** Popover outer arrow fallback color
@popover-arrow-outer-fallback-color:  darken(@popover-fallback-border-color, 20%);


//== Labels
//
//##

//** Default label background color
@label-default-bg:            @gray-light;
//** Primary label background color
@label-primary-bg:            @brand-primary;
//** Success label background color
@label-success-bg:            @brand-success;
//** Info label background color
@label-info-bg:               @brand-info;
//** Warning label background color
@label-warning-bg:            @brand-warning;
//** Danger label background color
@label-danger-bg:             @brand-danger;

//** Default label text color
@label-color:                 #fff;
//** Default text color of a linked label
@label-link-hover-color:      #fff;


//== Modals
//
//##

//** Padding applied to the modal body
@modal-inner-padding:         15px;

//** Padding applied to the modal title
@modal-title-padding:         15px;
//** Modal title line-height
@modal-title-line-height:     @line-height-base;

//** Background color of modal content area
@modal-content-bg:                             #fff;
//** Modal content border color
@modal-content-border-color:                   rgba(0,0,0,.2);
//** Modal content border color **for IE8**
@modal-content-fallback-border-color:          #999;

//** Modal backdrop background color
@modal-backdrop-bg:           #000;
//** Modal backdrop opacity
@modal-backdrop-opacity:      .5;
//** Modal header border color
@modal-header-border-color:   #e5e5e5;
//** Modal footer border color
@modal-footer-border-color:   @modal-header-border-color;

@modal-lg:                    900px;
@modal-md:                    600px;
@modal-sm:                    300px;


//== Alerts
//
//## Define alert colors, border radius, and padding.

@alert-padding:               15px;
@alert-border-radius:         @border-radius-base;
@alert-link-font-weight:      bold;

@alert-success-bg:            @state-success-bg;
@alert-success-text:          @state-success-text;
@alert-success-border:        @state-success-border;

@alert-info-bg:               @state-info-bg;
@alert-info-text:             @state-info-text;
@alert-info-border:           @state-info-border;

@alert-warning-bg:            @state-warning-bg;
@alert-warning-text:          @state-warning-text;
@alert-warning-border:        @state-warning-border;

@alert-danger-bg:             @state-danger-bg;
@alert-danger-text:           @state-danger-text;
@alert-danger-border:         @state-danger-border;


//== Progress bars
//
//##

//** Background color of the whole progress component
@progress-bg:                 #f5f5f5;
//** Progress bar text color
@progress-bar-color:          #fff;

//** Default progress bar color
@progress-bar-bg:             @brand-primary;
//** Success progress bar color
@progress-bar-success-bg:     @brand-success;
//** Warning progress bar color
@progress-bar-warning-bg:     @brand-warning;
//** Danger progress bar color
@progress-bar-danger-bg:      @brand-danger;
//** Info progress bar color
@progress-bar-info-bg:        @brand-info;


//== List group
//
//##

//** Background color on `.list-group-item`
@list-group-bg:                 #fff;
//** `.list-group-item` border color
@list-group-border:             #ddd;
//** List group border radius
@list-group-border-radius:      @border-radius-base;

//** Background color of single list items on hover
@list-group-hover-bg:           #f5f5f5;
//** Text color of active list items
@list-group-active-color:       @component-active-color;
//** Background color of active list items
@list-group-active-bg:          @component-active-bg;
//** Border color of active list elements
@list-group-active-border:      @list-group-active-bg;
//** Text color for content within active list items
@list-group-active-text-color:  lighten(@list-group-active-bg, 40%);

//** Text color of disabled list items
@list-group-disabled-color:      @gray-light;
//** Background color of disabled list items
@list-group-disabled-bg:         @gray-lighter;
//** Text color for content within disabled list items
@list-group-disabled-text-color: @list-group-disabled-color;

@list-group-link-color:         #555;
@list-group-link-hover-color:   @list-group-link-color;
@list-group-link-heading-color: #333;


//== Panels
//
//##

@panel-bg:                    #fff;
@panel-body-padding:          15px;
@panel-heading-padding:       10px 15px;
@panel-footer-padding:        @panel-heading-padding;
@panel-border-radius:         @border-radius-base;

//** Border color for elements within panels
@panel-inner-border:          #ddd;
@panel-footer-bg:             #f5f5f5;

@panel-default-text:          @gray-dark;
@panel-default-border:        #ddd;
@panel-default-heading-bg:    #f5f5f5;

@panel-primary-text:          #fff;
@panel-primary-border:        @brand-primary;
@panel-primary-heading-bg:    @brand-primary;

@panel-success-text:          @state-success-text;
@panel-success-border:        @state-success-border;
@panel-success-heading-bg:    @state-success-bg;

@panel-info-text:             @state-info-text;
@panel-info-border:           @state-info-border;
@panel-info-heading-bg:       @state-info-bg;

@panel-warning-text:          @state-warning-text;
@panel-warning-border:        @state-warning-border;
@panel-warning-heading-bg:    @state-warning-bg;

@panel-danger-text:           @state-danger-text;
@panel-danger-border:         @state-danger-border;
@panel-danger-heading-bg:     @state-danger-bg;


//== Thumbnails
//
//##

//** Padding around the thumbnail image
@thumbnail-padding:           4px;
//** Thumbnail background color
@thumbnail-bg:                @body-bg;
//** Thumbnail border color
@thumbnail-border:            #ddd;
//** Thumbnail border radius
@thumbnail-border-radius:     @border-radius-base;

//** Custom text color for thumbnail captions
@thumbnail-caption-color:     @text-color;
//** Padding around the thumbnail caption
@thumbnail-caption-padding:   9px;


//== Wells
//
//##

@well-bg:                     #f5f5f5;
@well-border:                 darken(@well-bg, 7%);


//== Badges
//
//##

@badge-color:                 #fff;
//** Linked badge text color on hover
@badge-link-hover-color:      #fff;
@badge-bg:                    @gray-light;

//** Badge text color in active nav link
@badge-active-color:          @link-color;
//** Badge background color in active nav link
@badge-active-bg:             #fff;

@badge-font-weight:           bold;
@badge-line-height:           1;
@badge-border-radius:         10px;


//== Breadcrumbs
//
//##

@breadcrumb-padding-vertical:   8px;
@breadcrumb-padding-horizontal: 15px;
//** Breadcrumb background color
@breadcrumb-bg:                 #f5f5f5;
//** Breadcrumb text color
@breadcrumb-color:              #ccc;
//** Text color of current page in the breadcrumb
@breadcrumb-active-color:       @gray-light;
//** Textual separator for between breadcrumb elements
@breadcrumb-separator:          "/";


//== Carousel
//
//##

@carousel-text-shadow:                        0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);

@carousel-control-color:                      #fff;
@carousel-control-width:                      15%;
@carousel-control-opacity:                    .5;
@carousel-control-font-size:                  20px;

@carousel-indicator-active-bg:                #fff;
@carousel-indicator-border-color:             #fff;

@carousel-caption-color:                      #fff;


//== Close
//
//##

@close-font-weight:           bold;
@close-color:                 #000;
@close-text-shadow:           0 1px 0 #fff;


//== Code
//
//##

@code-color:                  #c7254e;
@code-bg:                     #f9f2f4;

@kbd-color:                   #fff;
@kbd-bg:                      #333;

@pre-bg:                      #f5f5f5;
@pre-color:                   @gray-dark;
@pre-border-color:            #ccc;
@pre-scrollable-max-height:   340px;


//== Type
//
//##

//** Text muted color
@text-muted:                  @gray-light;
//** Abbreviations and acronyms border color
@abbr-border-color:           @gray-light;
//** Headings small color
@headings-small-color:        @gray-light;
//** Blockquote small color
@blockquote-small-color:      @gray-light;
//** Blockquote font size
@blockquote-font-size:        (@font-size-base * 1.25);
//** Blockquote border color
@blockquote-border-color:     @gray-lighter;
//** Page header border color
@page-header-border-color:    @gray-lighter;


//== Miscellaneous
//
//##

//** Horizontal line color.
@hr-border:                   @gray-lighter;

//** Horizontal offset for forms and lists.
@component-offset-horizontal: 180px;
  `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `url` varchar(1000) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `res` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '-=not crawl, H=hit, M=miss, B=blacklist',
  `reason` text NOT NULL COMMENT 'response code, comma separated',
  `mtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `url` (`url`(191)),
  KEY `res` (`res`)




	
	Effective_training_for_tennis_players_with_the_spin_king_and_advanced_strategies | JNP Sri Lanka | National Freedom Front
		




	
	
			
	
	

	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	





































    
    











	

		

			
			
            

                

                    






                

                

                                                        

                

                    
 



  
  

    
    
  


  

    
    
  


  

    
    
  

	
 

    
    
  


  

    
    
  


	


  
  
  
		
	

 
  
  
  







                


            


            
		

	

	

		
		 

	

		

			

									

						

							

								
Effective_training_for_tennis_players_with_the_spin_king_and_advanced_strategies

																	
by JNP Media   15/07/2026 | 7:15
                                    0
                                    Posted in කාලීන පුවත් 

															

							

																			Effective_training_for_tennis_players_with_the_spin_king_and_advanced_strategies
																		

							

																


Effective training for tennis players with the spin king and advanced strategies


The world of tennis is constantly evolving, demanding players to adapt and refine their techniques. Modern tennis isn’t just about power; it's about finesse, strategy, and the ability to manipulate the ball's trajectory. Central to this is the mastery of spin – a skill that separates good players from exceptional ones. Understanding and implementing spin effectively can dramatically alter a player’s game, adding layers of complexity that opponents struggle to decipher. Many consider a select few figures to be true innovators in this domain, and the term “spin king” often arises when discussing the most influential coaches and players who've unlocked the potential of spin in tennis. Their methods, emphasizing technique and understanding the physics of the game, have reshaped the landscape of competitive tennis.


Developing proficiency in spin isn’t just about learning the mechanics of a topspin or slice serve; it's a holistic approach that involves footwork, grip, swing path, and a deep understanding of how spin interacts with the court surface.  Players who can consistently generate and control spin gain a significant advantage, dictating rallies, creating difficult angles, and forcing errors from their opponents. This article explores the core principles of advanced spin techniques and training methodologies essential for tennis players striving to elevate their game and emulate the success of those hailed as masters of spin.


The Foundations of Spin: Grip and Swing Path


The foundation of generating spin lies in the grip and the swing path. Unlike a flat hit, spin requires a specific grip that allows the hand to rotate through the ball, imparting the desired spin. For topspin, a semi-western grip is common, enabling the player to brush up the back of the ball. A continental grip, on the other hand, is frequently used for slice, facilitating a sideways movement across the ball. The swing path itself is crucial; it’s not just about hitting at the ball, but around and under it.  Topspin swings typically involve a low-to-high motion, while slice swings involve a high-to-low motion emphasizing a brushing action.


Drills for Developing Proper Technique


Developing the proper grip and swing path requires consistent, focused practice. A valuable drill involves hitting against a wall, concentrating solely on the brushing motion and observing the ball's rotation. Another effective drill is the ‘shadow swing’ – practicing the swing path without actually hitting a ball, focusing on muscle memory and proper form. A coach’s guidance is invaluable during these early stages, helping to identify and correct any technical flaws before they become ingrained habits. Regular video analysis also provides players with visual feedback, allowing them to self-assess and refine their technique. Focusing on these fundamentals is paramount to developing effective spin.






Grip Type
Spin Type
Swing Path
Typical Use






Semi-Western
Topspin
Low to High
Groundstrokes, Serves




Continental
Slice
High to Low
Volleys, Serves, Approach Shots




Eastern
Flat/Moderate Spin
Direct Hit
All-Around Play




Western
Extreme Topspin
Very Low to High
Defensive Groundstrokes






Understanding how different grips affect the ball’s trajectory is crucial.  Players should experiment with slight variations within each grip to find what feels most comfortable and produces the desired results for their individual playing style.  The goal isn’t necessarily to copy a specific grip, but to understand the principles behind it and adapt it to one’s own body mechanics.


Advanced Spin Techniques: Topspin and Slice Variations


Once the fundamentals are established, players can delve into more advanced spin techniques. Topspin, beyond the basic groundstroke, can be varied in terms of amount and direction.  Players can hit ‘heavy’ topspin with a high arc, pushing opponents deep behind the baseline, or ‘flat’ topspin with a faster pace and lower trajectory, taking time away from their opponents. Similarly, slice isn’t solely used for defensive purposes; it can be employed as an offensive weapon, creating sharp angles and disrupting the opponent's rhythm. The key is to learn to consciously control the amount and type of spin, adapting it to the specific situation within a match.


Utilizing Spin for Strategic Advantage


Spin isn’t just about hitting the ball with a particular rotation; it's about understanding how that spin affects the ball’s behavior and using that knowledge to strategically outmaneuver the opponent. For instance, a well-placed topspin lob can force an opponent to move backward and hit a defensive shot, while a slice angle can pull them wide off the court.  Learning to anticipate the opponent’s reactions and adjusting spin accordingly is a hallmark of advanced players. Effective use of spin requires not just technical skill, but also tactical awareness and a keen understanding of court geometry.


    

  • Topspin Lobs: Used to buy time or change the court position.
    • 

  • Slice Angles: Creates difficult low balls, pulls opponents wide.
    • 

  • Drop Shots with Backspin: Forces opponents to approach the net.
    • 

  • Heavy Topspin Crosscourt: Pushes opponents deep, dictates play.
    • 



Developing these skills requires a blend of technical drills and tactical simulations, allowing players to experiment with different spin variations in game-like scenarios. The more comfortable players become with controlling spin, the more creatively they can deploy it on the court.


Footwork and Spin: The Interconnected Relationship


Often overlooked, footwork is intrinsically linked to spin generation.  Efficient footwork allows players to consistently arrive at the ball in the optimal position to execute the desired swing path.  For topspin, a dynamic, athletic stance with bent knees and a forward lean is crucial, allowing for a full body rotation and upward brushing motion. For slice, quick footwork and a stable base are essential for maintaining balance and controlling the sideways swing. Without proper footwork, even the most technically sound swing will lack power and control. 


Footwork Drills for Spin Generation


Specific footwork drills can directly improve spin capabilities.  The "shuffle step" drill involves moving laterally across the court while maintaining a low center of gravity, preparing for a crosscourt topspin shot. Another drill, the "split step and recover," focuses on reacting quickly to the opponent's shot and positioning oneself for a balanced swing. Shadow footwork, mimicking the movement patterns required for different spin shots, also reinforces proper technique. Regularly incorporating these drills into training helps build the muscle memory and agility necessary for consistent spin generation under pressure.


    

  1. Shuffle Step Drill: Lateral movement for crosscourt topspin.
    2. 

  2. Split Step and Recover: Quick reaction and balanced swing preparation.
    3. 

  3. Cone Drills: Agility and court coverage for varied spin shots.
    4. 

  4. Shadow Footwork: Reinforcement of proper movement patterns.
    5. 



Integrating footwork drills with spin technique practice is vital. Players should strive to perform each drill with the focus not just on footwork, but on how the footwork enables better spin technique and control. This interconnected approach will lead to more significant improvements in overall game performance.


Physical Conditioning for Spin Production


Generating consistent spin requires more than just technical skill; it demands a high level of physical conditioning. Core strength is paramount, providing the stability and rotational power necessary for powerful swings. Leg strength is equally important, enabling explosive movements and maintaining balance throughout the swing. Shoulder and wrist flexibility contribute to a wider range of motion, facilitating a more fluid and efficient swing path. Players who neglect their physical conditioning will struggle to maintain spin consistency over the course of a long match.


The Mental Game: Confidence and Spin Application


The mental aspect of tennis is often underestimated, but it plays a vital role in successful spin application. Players must have the confidence to attempt different spin shots in pressure situations and the mental fortitude to adjust their strategy based on the opponent’s response.  Hesitation or doubt can lead to tentative swings and reduced spin control. The spin king emphasizes that cultivating a proactive and adaptable mindset is just as important as mastering the technical aspects of the game. Successful players visualize positive outcomes, trust their training, and maintain a calm demeanor even when facing adversity. This mental resilience allows them to consistently execute their spin strategies under pressure.


Developing this mental fortitude takes time and dedicated practice. Guided imagery, positive self-talk, and mindfulness exercises can all help players build confidence and manage stress.  Analyzing match footage to identify patterns in their own performance and their opponent’s weaknesses also enhances strategic thinking. Ultimately, the ability to remain focused, adaptable, and confident is what separates the best players from the rest.


Integrating Spin into a Complete Game Strategy


The most effective players don’t rely solely on spin; they integrate it seamlessly into a comprehensive game strategy.  Spin is a tool, and like any tool, its effectiveness depends on how it’s used. Players must learn to vary their spin, pace, and placement, keeping opponents off balance and preventing them from establishing a rhythm. Incorporating drop shots, net approaches, and well-timed flat shots into the mix adds further complexity and unpredictability. The goal isn’t simply to hit with spin, but to use it intelligently to dictate the points and control the court.  Consider the case of a player facing a strong returner. They might prioritize topspin depth to neutralize the returner's power, followed by a sudden drop shot to pull them forward and disrupt their momentum.


This holistic approach to game strategy requires a deep understanding of one’s own strengths and weaknesses, as well as a keen awareness of the opponent’s tendencies. Observing opponents carefully during warm-up and early in the match can reveal valuable insights into their vulnerabilities.  Players should be prepared to adjust their strategy mid-match based on the evolving dynamics of the contest.  The ability to adapt and improvise is a hallmark of a truly well-rounded player.

Facebooktwitterredditpinterestlinkedinmail																 
															

						

							
							
Related Posts
							
                          
													

								
About Author

																
JNP Media

								

							

						  
					

					




							

		

				

	










			

				

						

							Share						

						
						

							

								
								
								  
 LinkedIn 

								  
 WhatsApp

							

							

								  Copy Link
							


						

						×